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Nutrition and Other Characteristics of Infants
NOVOTNÁ, Radka
The main goal of this bachelor thesis was a processing of research based on interesting literary and electronic sources which primarily deal with children's nutrition. Closely related topics include, for instance, disease rates or vaccination of children. Another aim of this thesis was to collect data through questionnaires followed by their comparison. This bachelor thesis consists of two parts - theoretical and empirical. The first part presents information acquired and processed from domestic and foreign literature. This thesis concerns the importance of breastfeeding, supplementary feeding or non-dairy formula feeding. It also focuses on the types of breast milk or breastfeeding with its positive and negative effects on an infant. In addition to the beforementioned topics, this thesis gives a detailed description of mandatory and most common optional vaccines, including a brief mention of disease rates of children. The empirical part of the thesis focuses on the evaluation of data collected by the questionnaire method. The beforehand formulated questionnaire is part of a larger project linked to the works of the following students: Markéta Mužíková, Tereza Šafránková and Kateřina Součková. The questionnaire for legal representatives of children was composed in an online form. Respondents' parents filled in the data predominantly from the Health and Vaccination Cards. Data from 110 respondents have been collected in total. Fifty-six respondents were girls and fifty-five boys. Afterwards, our selected data were compared with the CAV 2001 Nationwide Anthropological Survey. In the vaccination category, it was found that each individual had received all the mandatory vaccines given by law. Prevenar 13, among the non-mandatory vaccines, was the most frequently used vaccine in 39 cases out of 110 respondents. In the category of childhood morbidity rate, the following childhood diseases were examined - catarrh of the upper respiratory, allergy, eczema and acute otitis media. It was found that most of the non-breastfed children of our cohort were overall less ill than the breastfed children. This result is consistent with the research of the student Tereza Šafránková but is not in accordance with some professional publications, for example (Muntau, 2014) or (Nevoral et al., 2013). In the last part of the research, which concerned the body measurements of children up to one year of age, the results show that non-breastfed individuals are more likely to exceed breastfed children in average development. The basic body measurements of children from birth to 1 year were compared with the results of the CAV 2001 Nationwide Anthropological Survey (CAV, 2001). Statistically significant values were found for body weight of breastfed one-year-old boys (p=0.000), body length of six-month-old (p= 0.007) and one-year-old breastfed boys (p=0.001), chest girth at birth for girls (p= 0.001) and boys (p= 0.004), head girth at birth (p= 0.000) and at six months for breastfed boys (p= 0.003), and BMI at birth for non-breastfed girls (p= 0.002).
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Determination of antiepileptics in breast milk with chromatographic methods
Ernestová, Viktoria ; Hložek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kubíčková, Anna (referee)
The present thesis is devoted to the development of a new method for the determination of a selected group of antiepileptic drugs (brivaracetam, eslicarbazepine, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, rufinamide) in human breast milk. The rationale for identifying antiepileptic drugs in this rather complex matrix is to assess and optimize the use of these drugs in breastfeeding mothers to avoid unnecessary and risky exposure of infants. The aforementioned drugs have various undesirable side effects that can have a negative impact not only on the mother but also on the breastfed infant. The protein precipitation method using acetonitrile/methanol mixture was used for sample preparation. A method based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass detection was developed and tested for the determination of the concentrations of these drugs. In the course of testing, different chromatographic columns with different stationary phases were tested to achieve optimal separation conditions and experimental set-ups for the full range of antiepileptic drugs tested.The whole methodology will be subsequently validated according to the general guidelines for clinical and toxicological method validation according to international standards and its use in routine laboratory practice will be intended.
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Microbial diversity of breast milk and its influence on the gut microbiome of infants
Novotná, Jana ; Vítová, Eva (referee) ; Trachtová, Štěpánka (advisor)
Breast milk is considered the most important source of nutrition for infants and newborns due to its content of all the necessary nutrients and bioactive components that positively affect the child's immune system. The theoretical part of my work deals with the microbial composition of breast milk and its transformation depending on the stages of breastfeeding and other factors. The experimental part is focused on the identification of selected bacterial strains in breast milk and stool of a breastfed child and a child fed an artificial milk diet. Collection strains of bacteria belonging to the genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Candida were used for the analysis. DNA was isolated by phenol extraction, using magnetic carriers and a commercial kit. The presence of bacterial DNA was proved by q-PCR analysis using genus-specific primers for selected bacteria.
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Midwife care for a woman during lactation
KRYGLOVÁ, Aneta
The bachelor thesis deals with the midwife´s care of a woman during Lactation. It is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part contains information about the anatomy of the breast, lactation, the composition of mother´s milk and its benefits, the principles of proper breastfeeding, difficulties and problems with breastfeeding, breastfeeding support, and finally the cessation of lactation. For the practical part of the bachelor thesis the main aim was to find out what problems women most often face during lactation. Three research questions were set out to detremine this aim. The first research question dealt with where women most often seek help in the event of a breastfeeding problem. The second research question investigates women´s experiences with midwife care in connection with lactation, and the third research question adressed what knowledge and information women lacked. The practical part of the bachelor thesis was done by a qulitative research investigation in the form of individual semi-structured interviews. The research group consisted of ten women who were breastfeeding and had finished their puerperium. All women gave verbal consent to the interview and to its recording on a dictaphone. The women also agreed to the subsequent processing of the information obtained. The research survey took place from February to April 2022. Interviews with women consisted of twenty main questions, which were supplemented by supplementary questions in order to obtain more detailed information. The interviews were subsequently transcribed and analyzed. For data evaluation main categories and subcategories were determined, which are described in the research part of the bachelor thesis. Three categories and fourteen subcategories were created. The results of this bachelor thesis can be used by professional seminars and as informational material for midwifes who, based on our results, can change their attitude towards women and education in the field of lactation.
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Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics in breast milk and formulas.
ŠEBÍKOVÁ, Lucie
Intestinal microbiotics make up about 80 % of our immunity. The biggest colonization by these microorganisms happens in the first 1000 days in the life of a child, which is why it is important to maintain a balanced diet, to properly support growth and diversity of an intestinal flora. In the theoretic part of my thesis I will look closely on composition of breast milk and on other kinds of substitution of dairy nutrition. You will learn that many factors affect the composition of intestinal microbiotics. For if it comes to dysmicrobia, for example as a result of long-term use of antibiotics, it could lead to development of metabolic, immunologic and psychic issues. The goal of my bachelor thesis was to learn the contents of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics and synbiotics in breast milk, and in the formulas in the 1st, 6th, 12th and 18th month. My sources were professional literature and the websites of chosen dairy nutrition. For learning the exact intake of the observed substances I evaluated menus from 10 respondents. Breast milk is the most natural form of nutrition, which is why it is used as a template for making the substitution of dairy nutrition. The closest to breast milk in contents of synbiotics are brands Hipp BIO combiotik and BEBA COMFORT HM-O. Nutrilon advance has the most similar count of prebiotics, which was confirmed by observing the specific intake from menus. Nutrilon and Hami are only brands containing postbiotics thanks to the process of directed fermentation Lactofidus. This data should help in deciding what substitution of dairy nutrition to choose, if a child cannot be breastfed. But since this thesis does not evaluate the complete contents of the formulas, but rather the contains of the observed substances, we cannot presume the brands with the best results are the best option of nutrition. The choice of nutrition should be discussed with a pediatrician or a nutritionist.
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Nutrition of infants and toddlers
SVOBODOVÁ, Sabina
The aim of my bachelor thesis is to theoretically summarize nutrition of infants and toddlers, and to compare natural infant nutrition and infant formula. Furthermore I want to determine the effect of natural infant nutrition and infant formula on children, the effect of breastfeeding until the end of the 6th month of infancy and the effect of breastfeeding for more than 6 months, and also to map the diet of breastfeeding mothers. I asked four research questions. What is the effect of replacing natural infant nutrition with infant formula on the baby? How does the length of breastfeeding affect a baby? How are mothers informed about their nutrition while breastfeeding and children nutrition? What kind of comlementary feeding for children do mothers choose? The research was conducted by 10 mothers and their children using questionnaires, case reports and interviews. The questionnaire contains 21 questions. To collect the answers I used both printed forms and data collection using Survio.cz. Afterwards I asked the interviewees to fill in their children's five-day diets. I obtained the resulting values of the diet using the Nutriservis profi application. The result of data collecting from the questionnaire was that nine of ten children were toddlers. Some of the contacted mothers, who had both infants and toddlers, answered the questions based on their older child diet. None of the mothers using infant nutrition mentioned that this nutrition had a negative effect on their babies. The values obtained from the diets resulted to be in line with the recommendations concerning infant and toddler nutrition.
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Comparision of weight gain among fully breast-fed infants and those artificially fed
NOVÁKOVÁ, Eliška
The objective of the present Bachelor thesis titled "Comparison between weight gain in fully breastfed infants and weight gain in bottle fed infants" is to explore mothers' approach to breastfeeding and complementary food regarding their children from birth until completed six months of age. Specifically, this Bachelor thesis consists in comparison of children, who were divided into three groups: Infants who were exclusively breastfed until completed six months of age, without any complementary food or liquids. The second group is made up of children who were breastfed and administered complementary food for health or similar reasons. Finally, the third group comprises children who were given complementary food from birth and were not breastfed. The aforesaid theme was selected by the authoress for the reason that she herself is a mother to a one and a half year old daughter and associates with mothers among whom the above theme is frequently discussed. Most often, mothers focus on advantages of breastfeeding and draw a great distinction with respect to those children who are given complementary food. The theoretical part of the Bachelor thesis delves into the main differences between breast milk, cow's milk and formula milk. In addition, complementary food is studied, in particular as regards the timing when non-milk complementary food should be introduced, what types of vegetables should be chosen, or how complementary food should be prepared and served to infants. The research-based part focused on whether mothers breastfeed. If the answer was in the negative, mothers were asked to provide a reason, whether they were unable or did not want to breastfeed. Mothers were also asked what types of milk formulas they administer to their babies. A great selection of children's milk formulas is available on the market to satisfy everyone. Every child has different needs and there are also differences in prices of artificial milk products. Mothers were asked about the age of their children when complementary food is introduced to their diet and what type of complementary food is most often chosen at the beginning. In the past, carrot was exclusively the first complementary food to be administered to children; however, since it is thought today that carrot is too sweet, mothers prefer pumpkin puree.
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The impact of awareness and professional help on the lenght of exclusive breastfeeding
Jindřichová, Michaela ; Floriánková, Marcela (advisor) ; Frühauf, Pavel (referee)
This bachelor's thesis deals with the issue of exclusive breastfeeding - especially with the impact of awareness and professional help on the length of exclusive breastfeeding.The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part briefly describes the physiology of lactation,the compositionof breast milk,its comparisonwith infant formula and benefits of breastfeeding for mother and child. It also discusses the principles of successful breastfeeding,breastfeedingtechniques, breastfeedingsupport, the most commonproblems that can occur duringbreastfeeding,andbest practices tomanage them. The practical part was made on the basis of an anonymous questionnaire survey, which took place from December 2021 to March 2022 in 4 pediatric offices in the capital city of Prague and the district of Prague-East. The questionnaire was designedfor mothers of their first-born infants between6 and 12 months of age. A total of 32 respondents took part in the survey. The main aim of the work was to find out whether the professional help provided during difficulties during exclusive breastfeeding helps to significantly prolong the duration of exclusive breastfeeding (with a comparison of individual professions). The secondary aims were to find out the proportion of mothers who need...
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Effect of long-term breastfeeding on infant growth from birth to two years of age.
Bočková, Kateřina ; Bláha, Pavel (advisor) ; Krásničanová, Hana (referee)
Growth is sensible detector of long-term health condition of children. Observation of growth by means of growth charts are an important aid for practise of paediatricians. This work assesses an influence of long-term breastfeeding on growth of children from birth to 2 years of age and compares the growth of these children with the world study (MGRS) and Czech study (5./6. CAV). The basis for my study was formed from the set of children measured in Dr. Mottlova's office. It was detected, that long-term breastfeeding significantly influences the length and weight of children, when it interacts with age of children. Breast-fed children were smaller (0,6 cm, 1,1 cm, 0,9 cm) and lighter (250 g, 400 g, 210 g) then formula-fed children in 6th , 12th and 18th month of age. The comparison between our study, MGRS and 5./6. CAV proved, that the growth of children in our study is more similar to 5./6.CAV. Key words: growth, human milk, breastfeeding, growth standards, percentile charts.
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